European Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Law - Essay Example "It can, and frequently is, argued that the Court has emerged as the most dynamic and purposeful of all Community institutions in furtherance of the idea of European integration,"3 observes Ian Ward, an expert in European law. Another scholar claims that by establishing several legal doctrines and setting important legal precedents in a series of preliminary rulings, the ECJ has essentially 'constitutionised' the EC laws and successfully laid "the [legal] foundation for a federal Europe."4 According to Kwan, today the ECJ "stands at the pinnacle of [the European] Community legal order with its rights to judicial review and to sanction European states for non-compliance with EU laws." 5 The present research is an attempt to understand the constitutional nature of the European Union and the role and significance of European law and the ECJ in establishing a legal order among member states and facilitating the legal integration of the European Union, thereby strengthening the politico-e conomic integration. While many political theories - ranging from functionalism, neo-functionalism, neo-realism and neo-rationalism- have been applied in explaining the different phases of the integration process,6 the first significant step towards European integration can be traced back to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty of 1951, for the establishment of a common market in coal and steel products. A Court of Justice, which was created as part of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) agreements for adjudicating disputes and observing compliance by the member states, has over the years transformed into the "supranational" and powerful European Court of Justice.7 The 1957 Treaty of Rome was the next significant step towards integration, when the ECSC was expanded to form the European Economic Community (EEC), later called the European Community (EC), constituting five key community institutions - the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Council, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.8 The establishment of EC represented a further step in economic integration by providing for the free movement of services, capital and labour in addition to the free movement of goods; however, for many political and economic reasons the 'single market' programme became effective only by 1992.9 Nonetheless, the jurisdiction and mandate of the ECJ was expanded by the 1957 Treaty - the ECJ was granted the right to judicial review, empowering the Court to hear cases raised by national governments or EC institutions regarding the validity of the EC laws. The national courts, which alone had access to the EC legal system cou ld seek clarification from the ECJ, through a preliminary ruling procedure, in interpreting the meanings of EC laws in relation to the cases decided by them.10 While the Single European Act of 1986 provided an impetus to integration, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 creating the European Union was perhaps the most significant step, facilitating economic, political and legal integration of the member states.

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example After this paper, we will understand the goal of Miller to depict his charges to the country to be true and blatant. Background Death of a Salesman is a powerful drama that prosecutes the fundamental American values, in relation to the American Dream of material success. It may seem a little tame today due to constant individual self-analysis and critiques but it was relatively radical in its setting. America faced irreconcilable and insightful domestic tensions after the World War II. Although the war had apparently created an extraordinary sense of prosperity and security the American people, they became progressively caught in an apprehensive cold war with the Soviets. The spread of myths about a peaceful, regular and repulsively elated American life was strengthened by America’s relentless anxiety of the concept of Communism. America in general was not able afford social conformity and that the philosophical and cultural custom – booming and Last Name 3 prosperous l iving – championed. A Tragic Hero Major part of the play is told from the viewpoint of Willy, the protagonist in the story. The background of the protagonist life is shown in the analepsis – showing scenes in the present time with some characters on the stage and conversations only Willy knows about. His habit of talking to himself, pretending to have a conversation with his older son, Biff, concerns his younger son, Happy. In the opening of Act I, it is shown that Willy contradicts has a tendency of contradicting himself. He states that his son, Biff, is unsteady and very lazy but afterwards declares that Biff is anything but lazy. In these scenes, it gives the viewers a hint that Willy is his own paradox, which could have been caused by his aspirations in life and to his sons, particularly Biff. He is torn between achieving the American Dream of material success and his love for his sons, which is further explained in the story in the succeeding Acts. In so many ways , Willy has tried with his utmost might to achieve the American Dream. He acquires a home and a range of then-luxurious appliances. He raises his family and sails forth to into the business world with ambitions in exuberance. However, he has failed to achieve the fruits of the American Dream and passes the dream to his sons. Apparently, only Happy is the one fulfilling the so-called â€Å"Dream†. Biff tries so hard to buy the concept his father sells but it seems that he can only try so hard. He hops from one job to another, making him not able to steadily keep a 9-5 job. As a result, he ends up toiling lands and ranches, working with his bare hands to make a living, which for his father, is too far from what he has grasped from America’s sales pitch of the â€Å"American Dream.† In the play, this is beautifully portrayed through its structure – stream of consciousness. Willy Last Name 4 moves from one place to another in his house, with flashbacks of his past, and fantasizes conversations with different characters in the story. If the scene is in the present, the characters enter the room through the door in the left, abiding by the rules of the set. However, when the scene is about Willy’s visit of his past or his dreams, all of these rules don’t exist. Characters pass through the walls, making a dreamy atmosphere on the stage. This shows that the mental state of Willy deteriorates and his past and present moves in parallel to each

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Winning back customers is the most intelligent approach to marketing. It is this very important group of customers who will spur the company to great heights. Categorization of customers is important to developing a list of genuine customers. Basically, not all customers should be treated the same because some may not bring any importance to the firm. Having done the proper analysis on the customer list and identifying the best and strong candidates to win back, labor costs associated to this mechanism is then evaluated to define the best line of approach.   Some customers may have left the company because of lack of varying selection of books on the shelves. Ensuring product differentiation is very critical, hence stocking up of the store with all kinds of available books will help boost customer confidence to the company. This comes in hand with the right selling concept mechanism. The bookstore will be aggressive by promoting its products to the market. Adequately informing lost customers of the new services in the store will immensely lure them back.The bookstore will keep abreast its societal responsibilities. Promoting knowledge in local schools will give the store an upper hand and recognition. Above all, customer satisfaction is a crucial aspect of marketing. I will ensure feedback collection and review customer views on our services. This will go a long way to adjust our services to suit our customers. With customer satisfaction achieved then wooing back the customers will be easy.